Almost half of individuals with ADHD (34% out of 63%) have been reported to show motor difficulties within the DCD range, particularly in manual dexterity. Although the comorbidity of ADHD and DCD is not often taken into account, a high percentage of children with ADHD (30–50%) experiences co-occurring DCD with a familial correlation of 0.38. The second theory-of the comorbidity between ADHD and DCD as the potential cause of motor delays-is also supported by neurological findings. In addition, cortical thickness structure abnormalities and hypoactivation in the right globus pallidus, the right frontal cerebellum and frontal region, reported to be present in ADHD, are responsible, among other functions, for precise motor control. More specifically, motor control and executive function rely on the integrity of the thalamus, known to be affected in individuals with ADHD. The neurobiological basis for the primary theory is that delays in brain maturation are associated with delays in motor development and specific motor skills in the ADHD population. Overall, research indicates that attention and impulse control are strongly predictive of gross and fine motor skill development in children with ADHD. The second hypothesis attributes the motor delays to a likely presence of a comorbid disorder such as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) or ASD. According to this theory, inattention and vigilance problems affect motor skill development. The first hypothesis attributes these motor abnormalities to the core triad of ADHD symptoms: hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Two hypotheses on the source of the motor disadvantages in individuals with ADHD have been put forward. There is evidence that children with ADHD have worse gross motor and fine motor skills than their typically developing peers. Investigating early motor signs during the first year of life could be of high importance for the study of early biomarkers of common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD and ASD, which may share neurobiological underpinnings. In addition, they may experience deficits in visuospatial and verbal working memory, vigilance, inhibitory control and planning, problems with coordination of gross and fine motor functions, sequencing of movements, difficulties with working memory and self-regulation of emotions, language and speech deficits, arousal and activation and temporal information processing and timing. Children with ADHD also often face difficulties in everyday life, including in their social relationships, academic performance and achievements, and low self-esteem. Co-occurring psychiatric conditions are frequently observed, including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and learning disabilities. To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms of the disorder must be observed in two or more settings and have negative effects on fundamental aspects of the child’s daily activities. ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity which hinders adaptive functioning or compromises development. Spontaneous motility seems to be a promising measure for early ADHD detection, although further studies with large cohorts are recommended to determine its clinical role in children at risk for ADHD.ĪDHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms typically emerging during early school years and a worldwide prevalence estimated between 5 and 7%. Early motor indicators of ADHD, if present, appear to be non-specific, and therefore not yet useful in clinical screening. Unfortunately, due to their small sample sizes and focus on group reports rather than individuals, they have limited power to find strong associations. The limited number of reports included suggests an association between mild early neurological markers and later developmental coordination disorder and motor overflow movements. Study eligibility criteria included: (1) report on early motor function or any motor-related signs (2) the presence of a participants’ assessment by/at 12 months of age (3) report of a later presence of ADHD symptoms. Nine published cohort studies were included after a systematic search of related terms in PubMed and PsycInfo databases. The present review describes published evidence about early motor signs of either children with later symptoms of ADHD or a later diagnosis of the disorder. First signs of the disorder, including language delay, motor delay and temperament characteristics, may be evident as early as infancy. ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset of symptoms typically in early childhood.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |